Code Compliance for Mechanical and Energy Systems

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Understand the hierarchy of building codes from model codes to local adoption</li><li>Identify the primary code bodies and their roles</li><li>Navigate the code adoption process and amendment cycles</li><li>Recognize the legal authority and enforcement of building codes</li></ul><h3>1.1 The Building Code Ecosystem</h3><p>Building codes in the United States operate through a hierarchical system that begins with <strong>model codes</strong> developed by national organizations and ends with locally-adopted and amended versions enforced by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).</p><h4>Model Code Organizations</h4><p><strong>International Code Council (ICC)</strong> - Publishes the I-Codes family:</p><ul><li><strong>IBC</strong> - International Building Code (structural, fire safety, occupancy)</li><li><strong>IMC</strong> - International Mechanical Code (HVAC systems)</li><li><strong>IPC</strong> - International Plumbing Code (plumbing systems)</li><li><strong>IFGC</strong> - International Fuel Gas Code (gas piping)</li><li><strong>IECC</strong> - International Energy Conservation Code (energy efficiency)</li><li><strong>IFC</strong> - International Fire Code (fire protection)</li></ul><p><strong>ASHRAE</strong> - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers:</p><ul><li><strong>Standard 90.1</strong> - Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential</li><li><strong>Standard 62.1</strong> - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality</li><li><strong>Standard 62.2</strong> - Ventilation for Low-Rise Residential Buildings</li><li><strong>Standard 170</strong> - Ventilation of Health Care Facilities</li><li><strong>Standard 189.1</strong> - Standard for High-Performance Green Buildings</li></ul><p><strong>NFPA</strong> - National Fire Protection Association:</p><ul><li><strong>NFPA 13</strong> - Sprinkler Systems</li><li><strong>NFPA 72</strong> - Fire Alarm Systems</li><li><strong>NFPA 90A</strong> - Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems</li><li><strong>NFPA 101</strong> - Life Safety Code</li></ul><h3>1.2 Code Adoption Process</h3><p>The typical adoption cycle follows this pattern:</p><ol><li><strong>Development</strong> - Model code organizations develop codes through committee process (3-year cycle for ICC)</li><li><strong>Publication</strong> - Model code published (e.g., 2024 IMC)</li><li><strong>State Adoption</strong> - State legislature or building commission adopts with amendments</li><li><strong>Local Adoption</strong> - Cities/counties may add further amendments</li><li><strong>Enforcement</strong> - Local building department enforces adopted version</li></ol><p><strong>Important:</strong> Always verify which code edition is adopted in your jurisdiction. A project in California uses Title 24 (California Building Standards Code), while a project in Texas might use 2021 IMC with state amendments.</p><h3>1.3 Code Hierarchy and Precedence</h3><p>When codes conflict, the following hierarchy typically applies:</p><ol><li>Federal requirements (ADA, EPA, OSHA) - supersede all others</li><li>State-adopted codes with amendments</li><li>Local amendments (if permitted by state)</li><li>Model codes (as reference)</li></ol><p><strong>The Most Restrictive Rule:</strong> When multiple codes apply, the most restrictive requirement governs unless specifically exempted.</p><h3>1.4 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)</h3><p>The AHJ is the entity responsible for enforcing codes. This may include:</p><ul><li>Local building department</li><li>Fire marshal</li><li>State agencies (for hospitals, schools)</li><li>Federal agencies (VA, DOD, GSA)</li></ul><p><strong>Key Point:</strong> The AHJ has final authority on code interpretation. When in doubt, request a formal code interpretation in writing.</p>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Navigate the structure and organization of the IMC</li><li>Apply IMC requirements for HVAC system design</li><li>Understand equipment installation requirements</li><li>Identify ductwork and piping code requirements</li></ul><h3>2.1 IMC Structure and Organization</h3><p>The International Mechanical Code (2024 edition) is organized into 15 chapters:</p><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Chapter</th><th>Title</th><th>Key Topics</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Administration</td><td>Scope, permits, inspections</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Definitions</td><td>Technical terms</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>General Regulations</td><td>Equipment location, clearances</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td>Ventilation</td><td>Outdoor air, exhaust requirements</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Exhaust Systems</td><td>Commercial kitchen, hazardous exhaust</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>Duct Systems</td><td>Materials, construction, installation</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Combustion Air</td><td>Air supply for fuel-burning equipment</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Chimneys and Vents</td><td>Exhaust of combustion products</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td>Specific Appliances</td><td>Unit heaters, fireplaces, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td>Boilers and Pressure Vessels</td><td>Installation requirements</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>Refrigeration</td><td>Mechanical refrigeration systems</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td>Hydronic Piping</td><td>Heating/cooling piping systems</td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td>Fuel Oil Piping</td><td>Oil storage and distribution</td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td>Solar Thermal Systems</td><td>Solar heating equipment</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td>Referenced Standards</td><td>ASHRAE, SMACNA, UL standards</td></tr></table><h3>2.2 Key IMC Requirements for HVAC Design</h3><h4>Equipment Location (IMC Section 304)</h4><ul><li><strong>Clearances:</strong> Maintain manufacturer-required clearances to combustibles</li><li><strong>Access:</strong> 30 inch minimum clear access to equipment; 24 x 30 inch service space</li><li><strong>Appliance Rooms:</strong> Equipment rooms must have proper ventilation and egress</li><li><strong>Rooftop:</strong> Permanent access required; guardrails within 10 feet of edge</li></ul><h4>Ductwork Requirements (IMC Chapter 6)</h4><ul><li><strong>Materials:</strong> Galvanized steel, aluminum, or approved materials per Table 603.4</li><li><strong>Thickness:</strong> Based on duct dimensions and pressure class</li><li><strong>Joints:</strong> Sealed with approved materials; no duct tape</li><li><strong>Support:</strong> Horizontal ducts supported every 10 feet maximum</li><li><strong>Flexible Duct:</strong> Maximum 5 feet for supply; no limit for return air</li><li><strong>Plenums:</strong> Return air plenums must not pass through certain occupancies</li></ul><h3>2.3 Combustion Air Requirements (IMC Chapter 7)</h3><p>Fuel-burning equipment requires adequate combustion air supply:</p><h4>Indoor Air Method (Section 701.2)</h4><ul><li>Minimum room volume: 50 cubic feet per 1,000 Btu/hr input</li><li>Confined space requires makeup air openings</li></ul><h4>Outdoor Air Method (Section 701.3)</h4><ul><li>Two permanent openings required (high and low)</li><li>Direct opening: 1 sq.in. per 4,000 Btu/hr (each opening)</li><li>Ducted opening: 1 sq.in. per 2,000 Btu/hr (each opening)</li></ul><h4>Mechanical Air Method (Section 701.4)</h4><ul><li>Fan capacity: 0.35 CFM per 1,000 Btu/hr input</li><li>Interlock with fuel-burning equipment</li></ul><h3>2.4 Common IMC Compliance Issues</h3><ul><li><strong>Missing combustion air calculations</strong> - Always show calculations on drawings</li><li><strong>Inadequate equipment access</strong> - Check all sides and above equipment</li><li><strong>Improper flexible duct length</strong> - Limited to 5 feet for supply</li><li><strong>Missing fire/smoke dampers</strong> - Required at fire/smoke barrier penetrations</li><li><strong>Insufficient duct support</strong> - Support at connections and every 10 feet</li></ul>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Calculate outdoor air requirements using the Ventilation Rate Procedure</li><li>Apply system ventilation efficiency calculations for multiple-zone systems</li><li>Understand demand control ventilation (DCV) requirements</li><li>Identify natural ventilation compliance paths</li></ul><h3>3.1 Overview of ASHRAE 62.1-2022</h3><p>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 specifies minimum ventilation rates and other measures to provide indoor air quality (IAQ) acceptable to human occupants. The standard is referenced by IMC, IECC, and most state codes.</p><h4>Three Compliance Procedures</h4><ol><li><strong>Ventilation Rate Procedure (Section 6)</strong> - Prescriptive rates based on occupancy and area (most common)</li><li><strong>IAQ Procedure (Section 6.3)</strong> - Performance-based using contaminant analysis</li><li><strong>Natural Ventilation Procedure (Section 6.4)</strong> - Operable openings sized per calculations</li></ol><h3>3.2 Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP)</h3><p>The VRP calculates outdoor air based on two components:</p><div style="background-color: #e8f4e8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px; font-family: monospace; margin: 15px 0;"><strong>Vbz = Rp x Pz + Ra x Az</strong><br><br>Where:<br>Vbz = Breathing zone outdoor airflow (CFM)<br>Rp = People outdoor air rate (CFM/person) from Table 6.2.2.1<br>Pz = Zone population (design occupancy)<br>Ra = Area outdoor air rate (CFM/ft2) from Table 6.2.2.1<br>Az = Zone floor area (ft2)</div><h4>Common Ventilation Rates (Table 6.2.2.1 excerpt)</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Space Type</th><th>Rp (CFM/person)</th><th>Ra (CFM/ft2)</th><th>Default Density</th></tr><tr><td>Office Space</td><td>5</td><td>0.06</td><td>5 per 1000 ft2</td></tr><tr><td>Conference Room</td><td>5</td><td>0.06</td><td>50 per 1000 ft2</td></tr><tr><td>Classroom (age 9+)</td><td>10</td><td>0.12</td><td>35 per 1000 ft2</td></tr><tr><td>Retail Sales</td><td>7.5</td><td>0.12</td><td>15 per 1000 ft2</td></tr><tr><td>Restaurant Dining</td><td>7.5</td><td>0.18</td><td>70 per 1000 ft2</td></tr><tr><td>Gym/Exercise</td><td>20</td><td>0.18</td><td>40 per 1000 ft2</td></tr></table><h3>3.3 Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness (Ez)</h3><p>The zone outdoor airflow must be adjusted for air distribution effectiveness:</p><div style="background-color: #e8f4e8; padding: 15px; border-radius: 5px; font-family: monospace; margin: 15px 0;"><strong>Voz = Vbz / Ez</strong></div><h4>Ez Values (Table 6.2.2.2)</h4><ul><li><strong>Ez = 1.0</strong> - Ceiling supply of cool air; ceiling supply of warm air with less than 15F differential</li><li><strong>Ez = 0.8</strong> - Ceiling supply of warm air with 15F or greater differential</li><li><strong>Ez = 1.2</strong> - Floor supply of cool air (displacement ventilation)</li><li><strong>Ez = 0.7</strong> - Floor supply of warm air (displacement heating)</li></ul><h3>3.4 Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)</h3><p>Section 6.2.7 requires DCV for spaces meeting ALL of the following:</p><ul><li>Design occupancy of 25 or more people per 1,000 ft2</li><li>Area of 500 ft2 or greater</li><li>System has DDC controls or CO2 sensors</li></ul><h4>CO2-Based DCV Setpoints</h4><ul><li>CO2 setpoint = Outdoor CO2 + 700 ppm (typical)</li><li>If outdoor = 400 ppm, indoor setpoint = 1,100 ppm</li><li>Minimum outdoor air must be maintained (Ra x Az component)</li></ul><h3>3.5 Documentation Requirements</h3><p>ASHRAE 62.1 Section 4 requires the following documentation:</p><ul><li>Ventilation system design documentation</li><li>O and M manual with minimum outdoor air settings</li><li>Commissioning to verify outdoor air delivery</li><li>Building signage with design occupancy</li></ul>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Understand the three compliance paths: prescriptive, trade-off, and performance</li><li>Apply envelope requirements by climate zone</li><li>Identify mandatory HVAC efficiency requirements</li><li>Calculate economizer and energy recovery requirements</li></ul><h3>4.1 Overview of ASHRAE 90.1-2022</h3><p>ASHRAE Standard 90.1 is the primary energy efficiency standard for commercial buildings in the United States. It is referenced by IECC, Title 24, and most state energy codes.</p><h4>Standard Structure</h4><ul><li><strong>Section 5</strong> - Building Envelope</li><li><strong>Section 6</strong> - HVAC Systems</li><li><strong>Section 7</strong> - Service Water Heating</li><li><strong>Section 8</strong> - Power (transformers, motors)</li><li><strong>Section 9</strong> - Lighting</li><li><strong>Section 10</strong> - Other Equipment</li><li><strong>Section 11</strong> - Energy Cost Budget Method (performance path)</li></ul><h3>4.2 Climate Zones</h3><p>ASHRAE 90.1 uses 8 climate zones (1-8) with moisture designations (A=moist, B=dry, C=marine):</p><ul><li><strong>Zone 1</strong> - Very Hot (Miami, Honolulu)</li><li><strong>Zone 2</strong> - Hot (Houston, Phoenix)</li><li><strong>Zone 3</strong> - Warm (Los Angeles, Atlanta)</li><li><strong>Zone 4</strong> - Mixed (Baltimore, Seattle)</li><li><strong>Zone 5</strong> - Cool (Chicago, Denver)</li><li><strong>Zone 6</strong> - Cold (Minneapolis, Burlington)</li><li><strong>Zone 7</strong> - Very Cold (Duluth, Fairbanks)</li><li><strong>Zone 8</strong> - Subarctic (Barrow)</li></ul><h3>4.3 HVAC Mandatory Requirements (Section 6.4)</h3><h4>Equipment Efficiency</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Equipment Type</th><th>Size</th><th>Minimum Efficiency</th></tr><tr><td>Split System AC</td><td>Under 65,000 Btu/hr</td><td>14.3 SEER2 / 11.7 EER2</td></tr><tr><td>Split System AC</td><td>65,000-135,000 Btu/hr</td><td>11.5 EER2 / 13.8 IEER</td></tr><tr><td>Packaged AC</td><td>Under 65,000 Btu/hr</td><td>13.4 SEER2 / 11.2 EER2</td></tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled Chiller</td><td>Under 150 tons</td><td>10.1 EER / 13.1 IPLV</td></tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled Centrifugal</td><td>300+ tons</td><td>6.3 COP / 10.7 IPLV</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Furnace</td><td>Under 225,000 Btu/hr</td><td>80% AFUE</td></tr></table><h4>HVAC System Controls</h4><ul><li><strong>Setpoint Overlap:</strong> Deadband of at least 5F between heating and cooling</li><li><strong>Off-Hour Controls:</strong> Setback/setup controls required; optimum start</li><li><strong>Zone Isolation:</strong> Automatic isolation for zones with different schedules</li><li><strong>VAV Fan Control:</strong> Static pressure reset required</li><li><strong>Hydronic Systems:</strong> Variable flow with 2-way valves; pump VFD required</li></ul><h3>4.4 Economizer Requirements (Section 6.5.1)</h3><p>Air economizers are required based on cooling capacity and climate zone:</p><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Climate Zone</th><th>Required if Cooling At Least</th><th>High-Limit Shutoff</th></tr><tr><td>1A, 1B</td><td>Not required</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>2A, 3A, 4A</td><td>54,000 Btu/hr</td><td>75F DB or 65F Enthalpy</td></tr><tr><td>2B, 3B, 4B, 5B</td><td>54,000 Btu/hr</td><td>75F DB</td></tr><tr><td>5A, 6A, 7, 8</td><td>54,000 Btu/hr</td><td>70F DB or 65F Enthalpy</td></tr></table><h3>4.5 Compliance Paths</h3><ol><li><strong>Prescriptive:</strong> Meet all mandatory and prescriptive requirements exactly</li><li><strong>Trade-Off:</strong> Use COMcheck or Section 5.6 envelope trade-off</li><li><strong>Performance:</strong> Proposed design energy cost at or below baseline using whole-building simulation</li></ol>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Understand Title 24 Part 6 structure and compliance paths</li><li>Apply prescriptive HVAC requirements for nonresidential buildings</li><li>Navigate CBECC-Com and performance compliance</li><li>Prepare compliance documentation (NRCC, NRCI, NRCA forms)</li></ul><h3>5.1 Overview of Title 24 Part 6</h3><p>California Title 24 Part 6 (Building Energy Efficiency Standards) is updated every three years and is typically more stringent than ASHRAE 90.1.</p><h4>Key Differences from ASHRAE 90.1</h4><ul><li><strong>Time Dependent Valuation (TDV):</strong> Energy is valued by time-of-use, encouraging load shifting</li><li><strong>Compliance Margin:</strong> Performance path requires energy savings above baseline</li><li><strong>Climate Zones:</strong> California uses 16 unique climate zones</li><li><strong>Mandatory Forms:</strong> Specific compliance forms (NRCC, NRCI, NRCA) required</li><li><strong>HERS Verification:</strong> Third-party field verification required for many measures</li></ul><h3>5.2 California Climate Zones</h3><p>Title 24 uses 16 climate zones based on geographic and weather data:</p><ul><li><strong>CZ 1</strong> - Arcata (cool coastal)</li><li><strong>CZ 3</strong> - Oakland/San Francisco (mild coastal)</li><li><strong>CZ 6</strong> - Los Angeles coast (mild)</li><li><strong>CZ 9</strong> - Los Angeles downtown (hot-dry/warm-mild)</li><li><strong>CZ 10</strong> - Riverside (hot-dry)</li><li><strong>CZ 12</strong> - Sacramento (hot-dry summer/cold winter)</li><li><strong>CZ 15</strong> - Palm Springs (very hot-dry)</li><li><strong>CZ 16</strong> - Mt. Shasta (cold/subarctic)</li></ul><h3>5.3 Mandatory HVAC Requirements (Section 120)</h3><h4>Section 120.2 - HVAC Controls</h4><ul><li><strong>Thermostatic Controls:</strong> Capable of 55-90F range; 5F deadband</li><li><strong>Setback Controls:</strong> Required for all systems; 7-day programmable</li><li><strong>Demand Shed Controls:</strong> Required for certain buildings over 10,000 ft2</li><li><strong>Fault Detection (FDD):</strong> Required for packaged units 54,000 Btu/hr or greater</li><li><strong>Optimum Start:</strong> Required for systems 10,000 CFM or greater</li></ul><h3>5.4 Prescriptive HVAC Requirements (Section 140.4)</h3><h4>Fan Power Limits</h4><ul><li>Constant volume: 0.3 W/CFM</li><li>VAV with forward-curved fans: 0.5 W/CFM</li><li>VAV with backward-inclined fans: 0.65 W/CFM</li></ul><h4>VAV Requirements</h4><ul><li>Systems 5 tons or greater must be VAV with DDC to zone level</li><li>Zone minimum airflow 30% or less of design maximum</li><li>Static pressure reset based on zone demand</li><li>Supply air temperature reset based on zone demand</li></ul><h3>5.5 Compliance Documentation</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Form</th><th>Purpose</th><th>Prepared By</th></tr><tr><td>NRCC-MCH-01</td><td>Mechanical Certificate of Compliance</td><td>Designer</td></tr><tr><td>NRCC-ENV-01</td><td>Envelope Certificate of Compliance</td><td>Designer</td></tr><tr><td>NRCI-MCH-01</td><td>Mechanical Installation Certificate</td><td>Installer</td></tr><tr><td>NRCA-MCH-01</td><td>Mechanical Acceptance Certificate</td><td>Acceptance Test Technician</td></tr></table>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Calculate fixture unit loads for water supply and drainage</li><li>Apply proper pipe sizing methods</li><li>Understand trap and vent requirements</li><li>Identify backflow prevention requirements</li></ul><h3>6.1 Fixture Units (Water Supply)</h3><p>Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) are used to size water supply piping:</p><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Fixture</th><th>Private</th><th>Public</th></tr><tr><td>Water Closet (flush tank)</td><td>2.5</td><td>2.5</td></tr><tr><td>Water Closet (flushometer)</td><td>-</td><td>5.0</td></tr><tr><td>Lavatory</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.0</td></tr><tr><td>Bathtub/Shower</td><td>2.0</td><td>2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Kitchen Sink</td><td>2.0</td><td>2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Clothes Washer</td><td>2.0</td><td>2.0</td></tr><tr><td>Service Sink</td><td>-</td><td>3.0</td></tr></table><h3>6.2 Drainage Fixture Units (DFU)</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Fixture</th><th>DFU</th><th>Min Trap Size</th></tr><tr><td>Water Closet (public)</td><td>4</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Water Closet (private)</td><td>3</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Lavatory</td><td>1</td><td>1-1/4 inch</td></tr><tr><td>Bathtub</td><td>2</td><td>1-1/2 inch</td></tr><tr><td>Shower</td><td>2</td><td>2 inch</td></tr><tr><td>Kitchen Sink</td><td>2</td><td>1-1/2 inch</td></tr><tr><td>Floor Drain (2 inch)</td><td>2</td><td>2 inch</td></tr></table><h3>6.3 Trap and Vent Requirements</h3><h4>Trap Requirements (Section 1002)</h4><ul><li>Every plumbing fixture must have a trap</li><li>Trap seal depth: 2 inch minimum, 4 inch maximum</li><li>No double trapping (one trap per fixture)</li></ul><h4>Trap Arm Distances (Table 1002.2)</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Trap Size</th><th>Max Distance to Vent</th></tr><tr><td>1-1/4 inch</td><td>2 ft 6 in</td></tr><tr><td>1-1/2 inch</td><td>3 ft 6 in</td></tr><tr><td>2 inch</td><td>5 ft 0 in</td></tr><tr><td>3 inch</td><td>6 ft 0 in</td></tr><tr><td>4 inch</td><td>10 ft 0 in</td></tr></table><h3>6.4 Backflow Prevention (Section 608)</h3><h4>High Hazard - Requires Air Gap or RPZ</h4><ul><li>Hospitals, clinics, medical facilities</li><li>Laboratories</li><li>Mortuaries</li><li>Sewage or drainage connections</li></ul><h4>Low Hazard - DC, PVB, or AVB Allowed</h4><ul><li>Fire sprinkler systems</li><li>Lawn irrigation (residential)</li><li>HVAC makeup water</li><li>Boiler feed water</li></ul><h3>6.5 Water Heater Requirements</h3><ul><li><strong>T and P Relief:</strong> Required on all water heaters; discharge to safe location</li><li><strong>Expansion Tank:</strong> Required when check valve prevents thermal expansion</li><li><strong>Seismic Strapping:</strong> Required in Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, F</li><li><strong>Maximum Temperature:</strong> 120F at fixtures (140F for commercial kitchens)</li></ul>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Understand the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system</li><li>Apply UFC 3-410-01 HVAC requirements</li><li>Navigate UFC 4-010-01 Minimum Antiterrorism Standards</li><li>Identify when federal projects differ from commercial standards</li></ul><h3>7.1 Introduction to UFC</h3><p>The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) are technical standards for Department of Defense (DOD) construction. They apply to:</p><ul><li>Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps facilities</li><li>Defense agencies (DIA, NSA, etc.)</li><li>Some GSA federal buildings</li><li>Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals</li></ul><h3>7.2 UFC 3-410-01: HVAC</h3><p>Key differences from commercial codes:</p><h4>Design Temperatures</h4><ul><li><strong>Heating:</strong> 99.6% ASHRAE design dry-bulb (not 99%)</li><li><strong>Cooling:</strong> 0.4% ASHRAE design dry-bulb and coincident wet-bulb</li><li><strong>Indoor:</strong> 72F heating, 76F cooling (narrower than commercial)</li></ul><h4>Equipment Redundancy</h4><ul><li><strong>Mission Critical:</strong> N+1 redundancy required (chillers, boilers, pumps)</li><li><strong>Emergency Systems:</strong> 100% backup capacity</li><li><strong>Standard Facilities:</strong> Lead/lag configuration minimum</li></ul><h4>System Requirements</h4><ul><li><strong>VAV Systems:</strong> Required for buildings over 10,000 SF</li><li><strong>Economizers:</strong> Required in all climate zones</li><li><strong>Energy Recovery:</strong> Required when exhaust exceeds 1,000 CFM</li><li><strong>Controls:</strong> Direct Digital Control (DDC) mandatory; BACnet protocol</li></ul><h3>7.3 UFC 4-010-01: Antiterrorism Standards</h3><h4>Air Intake Protection</h4><ul><li>Minimum height: 12 feet above ground</li><li>Locate away from loading docks, trash areas, parking</li><li>Physical barriers to prevent direct access</li><li>Monitoring capability (CCTV or chemical sensors)</li></ul><h4>Emergency Response</h4><ul><li>Capability to switch to 100% recirculation</li><li>Emergency exhaust capability for contaminated areas</li><li>Positive pressure in protected spaces during normal operation</li></ul><h3>7.4 Commissioning Requirements</h3><ul><li>Commissioning agent required for all projects over $3M</li><li>Commissioning plan during design phase</li><li>Functional performance testing of all HVAC systems</li><li>Seasonal testing (heating and cooling)</li><li>10-month warranty inspection</li></ul>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Apply ASHRAE 170-2021 ventilation requirements for healthcare spaces</li><li>Design pressure relationships and air change rates</li><li>Understand isolation room requirements (AII and PE)</li><li>Navigate FGI Guidelines</li></ul><h3>8.1 Key Ventilation Requirements (Table 7-1)</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Space</th><th>Total ACH</th><th>OA ACH</th><th>Pressure</th><th>Exhaust</th></tr><tr><td>Operating Room</td><td>20</td><td>4</td><td>Positive</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>AII Room (Airborne Infection)</td><td>12</td><td>2</td><td>Negative</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>PE Room (Protective Environment)</td><td>12</td><td>2</td><td>Positive</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Patient Room</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>Neutral</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>ICU</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>Neutral</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Emergency Department</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>Negative</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Laboratory (General)</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>Negative</td><td>Yes</td></tr><tr><td>Pharmacy</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>Positive</td><td>No</td></tr><tr><td>Soiled Utility</td><td>10</td><td>2</td><td>Negative</td><td>Yes</td></tr></table><h3>8.2 Pressure Relationships</h3><h4>Positive Pressure Spaces</h4><p>Supply air exceeds exhaust/return; air flows OUT of the space:</p><ul><li>Operating rooms</li><li>Protective environment (PE) rooms</li><li>Sterile storage and clean corridors</li><li>Pharmacies (non-hazardous)</li></ul><h4>Negative Pressure Spaces</h4><p>Exhaust exceeds supply; air flows INTO the space:</p><ul><li>AII (Airborne Infection Isolation) rooms</li><li>Laboratories</li><li>Soiled utility rooms</li><li>Toilets and decontamination areas</li></ul><h3>8.3 AII Room Requirements</h3><ul><li><strong>Air Changes:</strong> 12 ACH minimum</li><li><strong>Outdoor Air:</strong> 2 ACH minimum</li><li><strong>Pressure:</strong> Negative to adjacent spaces</li><li><strong>Exhaust:</strong> 100% exhaust to outdoors or HEPA filtered if recirculated</li><li><strong>Anteroom:</strong> Required per FGI</li><li><strong>Monitoring:</strong> Continuous pressure monitoring with visual indicator</li></ul><h3>8.4 Filtration Requirements</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Area</th><th>Filter Bank 1</th><th>Filter Bank 2</th></tr><tr><td>General Patient Care</td><td>MERV 7</td><td>MERV 14</td></tr><tr><td>Operating Rooms, PE Rooms</td><td>MERV 7</td><td>MERV 14 or HEPA</td></tr><tr><td>Labs, Pharmacies</td><td>MERV 7</td><td>MERV 14</td></tr></table>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Distinguish between fire dampers, smoke dampers, and combination dampers</li><li>Identify when dampers are required by code</li><li>Understand installation, testing, and inspection requirements</li><li>Apply UL 555 and UL 555S classifications</li></ul><h3>9.1 Types of Dampers</h3><h4>Fire Dampers (FD)</h4><ul><li>Purpose: Maintain fire-resistance rating of fire barriers</li><li>Actuated by fusible link (typically 165F)</li><li>UL 555 listed and labeled</li><li>Static or dynamic rated</li></ul><h4>Smoke Dampers (SD)</h4><ul><li>Purpose: Resist passage of smoke</li><li>Actuated by smoke detector or BAS</li><li>UL 555S listed and labeled</li><li>Rated for leakage class (I, II, or III)</li></ul><h4>Combination Fire/Smoke Dampers (FSD)</h4><ul><li>Both fire and smoke resistance</li><li>UL 555 and UL 555S listed</li><li>Required where both barriers are penetrated</li></ul><h3>9.2 When Fire Dampers Are Required</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Construction</th><th>Fire Rating</th><th>Damper Rating</th></tr><tr><td>Fire Barriers (occupancy separation)</td><td>2-hour</td><td>1.5-hour</td></tr><tr><td>Fire Barriers (occupancy separation)</td><td>1-hour</td><td>1.5-hour</td></tr><tr><td>Shaft Enclosures</td><td>2-hour</td><td>1.5-hour</td></tr><tr><td>Fire Partitions</td><td>1-hour</td><td>1.5-hour</td></tr><tr><td>Fire Walls</td><td>Any</td><td>1.5-hour minimum</td></tr></table><h3>9.3 Installation Requirements</h3><ul><li>All dampers must be accessible for inspection</li><li>Access doors required in ducts or ceilings</li><li>Minimum 24 x 24 inch access opening</li><li>Breakaway connections NOT allowed at dampers</li><li>Flexible duct NOT allowed within 3 feet of fire damper</li></ul><h3>9.4 Testing and Maintenance</h3><h4>Inspection Frequency (NFPA 80/105)</h4><ul><li><strong>Fire Dampers:</strong> Year 1 after installation, then every 4 years</li><li><strong>Smoke Dampers:</strong> Year 1, then every 6 years</li><li><strong>Healthcare Facilities:</strong> Every 6 years for all dampers</li></ul>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Understand SEER2, EER2, HSPF2, and other efficiency metrics</li><li>Apply federal minimum efficiency standards</li><li>Navigate the 2023 efficiency transition</li><li>Identify ENERGY STAR requirements</li></ul><h3>10.1 Efficiency Metrics</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Metric</th><th>Full Name</th><th>Application</th></tr><tr><td>EER/EER2</td><td>Energy Efficiency Ratio</td><td>Single operating point at 95F</td></tr><tr><td>SEER/SEER2</td><td>Seasonal EER</td><td>Residential AC/HP seasonal</td></tr><tr><td>IEER</td><td>Integrated EER</td><td>Commercial unitary part-load</td></tr><tr><td>IPLV</td><td>Integrated Part Load Value</td><td>Chillers part-load</td></tr><tr><td>COP</td><td>Coefficient of Performance</td><td>Heat pumps, chillers</td></tr><tr><td>AFUE</td><td>Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency</td><td>Furnaces, boilers</td></tr><tr><td>HSPF/HSPF2</td><td>Heating Seasonal Performance Factor</td><td>Heat pumps heating</td></tr></table><h3>10.2 Federal Minimum Efficiency Standards (2023+)</h3><h4>Residential Central AC</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Type</th><th>Region</th><th>SEER2</th><th>EER2</th></tr><tr><td>Split System AC</td><td>North</td><td>13.4</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Split System AC</td><td>South/Southwest</td><td>14.3</td><td>11.7</td></tr><tr><td>Packaged AC</td><td>All</td><td>13.4</td><td>10.6</td></tr></table><h4>Residential Heat Pumps</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Type</th><th>SEER2</th><th>HSPF2</th></tr><tr><td>Split System HP</td><td>14.3</td><td>7.5</td></tr><tr><td>Packaged HP</td><td>13.4</td><td>6.7</td></tr></table><h4>Chillers</h4><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Type</th><th>Size</th><th>COP</th><th>IPLV</th></tr><tr><td>Air-Cooled Scroll</td><td>Under 150 tons</td><td>10.1 EER</td><td>13.1</td></tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled Screw</td><td>150-300 tons</td><td>5.18</td><td>6.28</td></tr><tr><td>Water-Cooled Centrifugal</td><td>Over 300 tons</td><td>6.30</td><td>10.70</td></tr></table><h3>10.3 ENERGY STAR Requirements</h3><h4>Central Air Conditioners</h4><ul><li>Split Systems: SEER2 of 16 or higher, EER2 of 12 or higher</li><li>Packaged Systems: SEER2 of 15 or higher, EER2 of 11.5 or higher</li></ul><h4>Heat Pumps</h4><ul><li>Split Systems: SEER2 16+, EER2 12+, HSPF2 9+</li><li>Packaged Systems: SEER2 15+, EER2 11+, HSPF2 8+</li></ul>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Prepare complete code compliance documentation packages</li><li>Understand plan review requirements</li><li>Navigate the permit and inspection process</li><li>Organize equipment submittals</li></ul><h3>11.1 Mechanical Drawing Requirements</h3><ul><li><strong>Cover Sheet:</strong> Code editions, design criteria, general notes</li><li><strong>Equipment Schedules:</strong> Model numbers, capacities, efficiencies</li><li><strong>Floor Plans:</strong> Ductwork, diffusers, equipment locations</li><li><strong>Riser Diagrams:</strong> Piping systems, sizes, valves</li><li><strong>Control Diagrams:</strong> Sequences of operation</li><li><strong>Details:</strong> Equipment connections, supports, penetrations</li></ul><h3>11.2 Required General Notes</h3><ol><li>Applicable code editions (IBC, IMC, IECC year + amendments)</li><li>Design temperatures (indoor/outdoor heating and cooling)</li><li>Ventilation standard (ASHRAE 62.1 edition)</li><li>Energy standard (ASHRAE 90.1 or IECC edition)</li><li>Seismic design category and equipment anchorage</li><li>Fire/smoke damper requirements and ratings</li></ol><h3>11.3 Energy Compliance Documentation</h3><h4>ASHRAE 90.1 / IECC</h4><ul><li><strong>COMcheck:</strong> Software compliance report (prescriptive path)</li><li><strong>Envelope:</strong> U-factors, SHGC, assembly descriptions</li><li><strong>HVAC:</strong> Equipment efficiencies, economizer, energy recovery</li><li><strong>Performance Path:</strong> Energy model inputs/outputs (Appendix G)</li></ul><h3>11.4 Equipment Submittals</h3><ul><li>Product data sheets - Performance curves, dimensions</li><li>AHRI certification - Certificate number and rated conditions</li><li>Shop drawings - Dimensions, connections, clearances</li><li>Installation instructions - Manufacturer requirements</li><li>O and M manuals - Startup procedures, maintenance</li></ul><h3>11.5 Plan Review Checklist</h3><ol><li>Code editions - Correct codes cited on drawings</li><li>Equipment efficiency - Meets minimum requirements</li><li>Ventilation - ASHRAE 62.1 calculations provided</li><li>Energy compliance - COMcheck or performance report</li><li>Fire/smoke dampers - Shown at rated barriers</li><li>Accessibility - Equipment access clearances</li><li>Combustion air - Calculations provided</li><li>Controls - Setback, economizer, VFD requirements</li></ol>

<h3>Learning Objectives</h3><ul><li>Identify the most common code violations in HVAC design</li><li>Apply strategies to prevent code compliance issues</li><li>Navigate code interpretation resources</li><li>Develop a code compliance quality control checklist</li></ul><h3>12.1 Top 20 Code Violations</h3><h4>Ventilation Violations</h4><ol><li>Insufficient outdoor air - Not meeting ASHRAE 62.1 minimums</li><li>Missing DCV - Required spaces lack CO2 sensors</li><li>No ventilation calculations - Missing documentation</li><li>Exhaust not shown - Toilet, kitchen exhaust missing</li><li>Energy recovery omitted - Required but not provided</li></ol><h4>Equipment Violations</h4><ol start="6"><li>Efficiency below minimum - Equipment does not meet code</li><li>Missing economizer - Required but not provided</li><li>Inadequate access - Cannot service equipment</li><li>No combustion air - Fuel-fired equipment in confined space</li><li>Wrong refrigerant - R-22 specified (phased out)</li></ol><h4>Fire Protection Violations</h4><ol start="11"><li>Missing fire dampers - At fire barrier penetrations</li><li>Missing smoke dampers - At smoke barrier penetrations</li><li>No damper access - Cannot inspect or test dampers</li><li>Wrong damper type - Static vs. dynamic rating</li><li>Flexible duct at damper - Not allowed within 3 feet</li></ol><h3>12.2 Code Interpretation Resources</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Organization</th><th>Resource</th><th>Website</th></tr><tr><td>ICC</td><td>Code interpretations</td><td>iccsafe.org</td></tr><tr><td>ASHRAE</td><td>Standard interpretations</td><td>ashrae.org/standards</td></tr><tr><td>NFPA</td><td>Formal interpretations</td><td>nfpa.org/fi</td></tr><tr><td>DOE</td><td>Building Energy Codes</td><td>energycodes.gov</td></tr><tr><td>CEC</td><td>Title 24 hotline</td><td>energy.ca.gov</td></tr></table><h3>12.3 Code Update Cycle</h3><table border="1" cellpadding="8" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"><tr style="background-color: #f0f0f0;"><th>Code</th><th>Update Cycle</th><th>Next Edition</th></tr><tr><td>IBC/IMC/IPC</td><td>3 years</td><td>2027</td></tr><tr><td>ASHRAE 90.1</td><td>3 years</td><td>2025</td></tr><tr><td>Title 24</td><td>3 years</td><td>2028</td></tr><tr><td>NFPA codes</td><td>3 years</td><td>Varies</td></tr></table><h3>12.4 Course Summary - Key Takeaways</h3><ol><li><strong>Know your codes</strong> - Verify which editions are adopted locally</li><li><strong>Document everything</strong> - Calculations, submittals, decisions</li><li><strong>Use checklists</strong> - Systematic review catches violations</li><li><strong>When in doubt, ask</strong> - Contact AHJ before finalizing design</li><li><strong>Stay current</strong> - Codes change; continuous learning required</li></ol><h4>Resources for Further Study</h4><ul><li>ICC Building Codes Illustrated (Ching)</li><li>ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals</li><li>ASHRAE Standard 62.1 User Manual</li><li>ASHRAE Standard 90.1 User Manual</li></ul><p><strong>Congratulations on completing this comprehensive Code Compliance course!</strong> You should now be able to navigate the building code framework, apply IMC/IPC/IECC requirements, calculate ventilation per ASHRAE 62.1, verify equipment efficiency compliance, and prepare complete compliance documentation packages.</p>